Linux学习记录--磁盘分区，格式化与检验

磁盘分区，格式化与检验

 

磁盘分区：fdisk

磁盘格式化：mkfs,mke2fs

磁盘检测：fsck

大容量磁盘分区：parted

 

磁盘分区

 

语法：fdisk[-l] 设备名称

-l:输出系统内所有分区

 

举例：

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
 
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
 
  Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System
/dev/sda1  *           1          13     104391   83  Linux
/dev/sda2              14        1288   10241437+  83  Linux
/dev/sda3            1289        1925    5116702+  83  Linux
/dev/sda4            1926        2610    5502262+   5  Extended
/dev/sda5            1926        2052    1020096   82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6            2053        2302    2008093+  83  Linux

1.       查看磁盘文件名

[root@localhost ~]# df /

文件系统               1K-块        已用     可用 已用% 挂载点

/dev/sda2              9920624   4329108  5079448  47% /

 

2.       查看磁盘分区功能

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda  //这里不带数字
 
The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.
There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problemswith:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs
  (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
 
Command (m for help): m
Command action
  a   toggle a bootable flag
  b   edit bsd disklabel
  c   toggle the dos compatibilityflag
  d   delete a partition //删除磁盘分区
  l   list known partition types
  m   print this menu  //查看磁盘分区功能
  n   add a new partition //增加一个磁盘分区
  o   create a new empty DOSpartition table
  p   print the partition table //查看磁盘分区
  q   quit without saving changes
  s   create a new empty Sundisklabel
  t   change a partition's system id
  u   change display/entry units
  v   verify the partition table
  w   write table to disk and exit
  x   extra functionality (expertsonly)

 

删除磁盘分区

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
 
The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.
There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problemswith:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs
  (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
 
Command (m for help): p
 
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
 
  Device Boot      Start         End     Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1  *           1          13      104391  83  Linux
/dev/sda2              14        1288   10241437+  83  Linux
/dev/sda3            1289        1925    5116702+  83  Linux
/dev/sda4            1926        2610    5502262+   5  Extended
/dev/sda5            1926        2052    1020096   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6            2053        2302    2008093+  83  Linux

由上可知我的磁盘主要分为6个分区，1,2,3为主分区，4为扩展分区，5为swap分区，6是逻辑分区

 

Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6): 3
 
Command (m for help): p
 
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
 
  Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System
/dev/sda1  *           1          13      104391  83  Linux
/dev/sda2              14        1288   10241437+  83  Linux
/dev/sda4            1926        2610    5502262+   5  Extended
/dev/sda5            1926        2052    1020096   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6            2053        2302    2008093+  83  Linux
 
删除主分区sad3 后可以看到磁盘信息不在包含sad3
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6): 4
 
Command (m for help): p
 
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
 
  Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System
/dev/sda1  *           1          13      104391  83  Linux
/dev/sda2              14        1288   10241437+  83  Linux

删除扩展分区sad4 后可以看到扩展分区，逻辑分区都被删除（因为逻辑分区是由扩展分区衍生而来的）。

 

增加磁盘分区

磁盘分区最多只能有4个主分区+扩展分区组成，其中扩展分区最多只能有一个，剩下在创建的分区都是由扩展分区衍生出来的逻辑分区

 举例1. 由于磁盘现分区分为3个主分区，1个扩展分区。因此在创建时将直接创建逻辑分区，而不在询问是否创建主分区或者扩展分区

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
 
The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.
There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problemswith:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs
  (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
 
Command (m for help): p
 
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
 
  Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System
/dev/sda1  *           1          13      104391  83  Linux
/dev/sda2              14        1288   10241437+  83  Linux
/dev/sda3            1289        1925    5116702+  83  Linux
/dev/sda4            1926        2610    5502262+   5  Extended
/dev/sda5            1926        2052    1020096   82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6            2053        2302    2008093+  83  Linux
 
Command (m for help): n
First cylinder (2303-2610, default 2303):

举例2：创建主/扩展分区

[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
 
The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.
There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problemswith:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs
  (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
 
Command (m for help): d //先将主分区和逻辑分区删除（如果为4个则默认创建逻辑分区）
Partition number (1-6): 2
 
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6): 4
 
Command (m for help): p
 
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
 
  Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System
/dev/sda1  *           1          13      104391  83  Linux
/dev/sda3            1289        1925    5116702+  83  Linux
 
Command (m for help): n
Command action
   e  extended
   p  primary partition (1-4)

 

提示用户选择是是创建主分区还是扩展分区

 

举例3.创建逻辑分区与扩展分区

root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
 
The number of cylinders for this disk isset to 2610.
There is nothing wrong with that, but thisis larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problemswith:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g.,old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software fromother OSs
  (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
 
Command (m for help): p
 
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
 
  Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System
/dev/sda1  *           1          13      104391  83  Linux
/dev/sda2             14        1288   10241437+  83  Linux
/dev/sda3            1289        1925    5116702+  83  Linux
/dev/sda4            1926        2610    5502262+   5  Extended
/dev/sda5            1926        2052    1020096   82  Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6            2053        2302    2008093+  83  Linux
 
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-6): 4
 
Command (m for help): n
Command action
  e   extended
  p   primary partition (1-4)
e
Selected partition 4
First cylinder (1926-2610, default 1926):
Using default value 1926
Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK(1926-2610, default 2610):
Using default value 2610
 
Command (m for help): p
 
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
 
  Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System
/dev/sda1  *           1          13      104391  83  Linux
/dev/sda2              14        1288   10241437+  83  Linux
/dev/sda3            1289        1925    5116702+  83  Linux
/dev/sda4            1926        2610    5502262+   5  Extended

 

sd4为新创建的扩展分区，大小为从柱面1926到2610

 

Command (m for help): nFirstcylinder (1926-2610, default 1926):
Usingdefault value 1926
Lastcylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (1926-2610, default 2610): +500M

 

对于此处可以指定柱面号码，以可以通过+XXM指定大小，让其自动分配柱面

 

Command (m for help): p
 
Disk /dev/sda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280bytes
 
  Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks  Id  System
/dev/sda1  *           1          13      104391  83  Linux
/dev/sda2              14        1288   10241437+  83  Linux
/dev/sda3            1289        1925    5116702+  83  Linux
/dev/sda4            1926        2610    5502262+   5  Extended
/dev/sda5            1926        1987      497983+ 83  Linux

 

sd5为新创建的逻辑分区，大小为500M

 

内核查找分区

当我们增加分区后，系统让我们reboot 以加载分区。也可以不用重启，只需要通知内容重新查找分区即可

The partition table has been altered!
 
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
 
WARNING: Re-reading the partition tablefailed with error 16: 设备或资源忙.
The kernel still uses the old table.
The new table will be used at the nextreboot.
Syncing disks.[root@localhost~]# partprobe

 

 

磁盘格式化

分区完毕后要进行文件系统的格式化

 

mkfs

语法：mkfs[-t 文件系统格式] 设备文件名

选项与参数：

-t:文件系统格式，例如ext3,ext2,vfat等

 

举例

[root@localhost ~]# mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda7
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystemlabel=
OS type: Linux
Blocksize=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0)
50200 inodes, 200780 blocks
10039 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the superuser
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=67371008
25 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments pergroup
2008 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
       8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
 
Writing inode tables: done                           
Creating journal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystemaccounting information: done
 
This filesystem will be automaticallychecked every 37 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

 

其中文件系统Label 以及iBLOCK大小均采用默认大小。如果对于EXT2/EXT3 我们对这些信息由特殊的需求,可以使用mke2fs

 

mke2fs

语法：mke2fs[-b block大小] [-i inode 大小] [-L 卷标] [-cj] 设备

选项与参数：

-b:设置block大小，目前支持1024,2048,4096

-i:多少容量给予一个inode

-c:检查磁盘错误

-L:卷标名称（Label）

-j:自动加入日志系统成为EXT3文件系统，不加在默认为EXT2

举例

[root@localhost ~]# mke2fs -b 2048 -i 4096-L "TKFDISK" -j /dev/sda7
mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Filesystemlabel=TKFDISK
OS type: Linux
Blocksize=2048 (log=1)
Fragment size=2048 (log=1)
50288 inodes, 100390 blocks
5019 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the superuser
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=103809024
7 block groups
16384 blocks per group, 16384 fragments pergroup
7184 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
       16384, 49152, 81920
 
Writing inode tables: done                           
Creatingjournal (4096 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystemaccounting information: done
 
This filesystem will be automaticallychecked every 31 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

 

磁盘检测(fsck)

语法: fsck [-t 文件系统格式] [-ACay]

选项与参数

-t  ：文件系统格式。

-A  ：依据/etc/fstab 的内容，将需要的装置扫瞄一次。

-a  ：自动修复检查到的有问题的扇区.

-y  ：与 -a 类似，但是某些filesystem 仅支持 -y 这个参数

-C  ：可以在检验的过程当中，使用一个直方图来显示目前的进度！

 

EXT2/EXT3 的额外选项功能：(e2fsck 这支命令所提供)

-f  ：强制检查！一般来说，如果 fsck 没有发现任何 unclean 的旗标，不会主动进入细部检查的，如果您想要强制 fsck 进入细部检查，就得加上 -f

-D  ：针对文件系统下的目录进行优化配置。

 

举例

[root@localhost ~]# fsck -Cf /dev/sda7
fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)
e2fsck 1.39 (29-May-2006)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure                                          
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
TKFDISK: 11/50288 files (9.1%non-contiguous), 7673/100390 blocks       

说明：需要磁盘检查的分区不能挂载在系统上，需要先被卸载才能磁盘检测

 

大容量磁盘分区(parted)

由于fdisk无法支持到高于2TB以上的分区，此时就需要parted来处理了

 

语法：parted [设备] [命令 [参数]]

选项与参数：

新增分区：mkpart [primary|logical|extended] [ext3|vfat]开始结束

分区表：print

删除分区：rm [partition]

 

举例1：查看分区表

[root@bogon ~]# parted /dev/sda print

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos

Number  Start   End     Size    Type      File system  标志
 1      32.3kB  107MB   107MB   主分区    ext3         启动
 2      107MB   10.6GB  10.5GB  主分区    ext3             
 3      10.6GB  15.8GB  5240MB  主分区    ext3             
 4      15.8GB  21.5GB  5634MB  扩展分区                   
 5      15.8GB  16.9GB  1045MB  逻辑分区  linux-swap       

信息: 如果必要，不要忘记更新 /etc/fstab。  

 

通过以上信息可以看出，扩展分区到21.5G，逻辑分区使用到16.9G，那么16.9G~21.5G只部分空间还为被使用（未被分区）

 

举例2：新增分区

[root@bogon ~]# parted /dev/sda mkpart logical ext3 16.9G 18.9G
信息: 如果必要，不要忘记更新 /etc/fstab。                                 

[root@bogon ~]# parted /dev/sda print

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos

Number  Start   End     Size    Type      File system  标志
 1      32.3kB  107MB   107MB   主分区    ext3         启动
 2      107MB   10.6GB  10.5GB  主分区    ext3             
 3      10.6GB  15.8GB  5240MB  主分区    ext3             
 4      15.8GB  21.5GB  5634MB  扩展分区                   
 5      15.8GB  16.9GB  1045MB  逻辑分区  linux-swap       
 6      16.9GB  18.9GB  2023MB  逻辑分区                   

 

举例3：删除分区

[root@bogon ~]# parted /dev/sda rm 6
信息: 如果必要，不要忘记更新 /etc/fstab。                                 

[root@bogon ~]# parted /dev/sda print

Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos

Number  Start   End     Size    Type      File system  标志
 1      32.3kB  107MB   107MB   主分区    ext3         启动
 2      107MB   10.6GB  10.5GB  主分区    ext3             
 3      10.6GB  15.8GB  5240MB  主分区    ext3             
 4      15.8GB  21.5GB  5634MB  扩展分区                   
 5      15.8GB  16.9GB  1045MB  逻辑分区  linux-swap       

信息: 如果必要，不要忘记更新 /etc/fstab。 

说明：parted分区提交即执行，因此使用起来需小心